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Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996 (Act No. 29 of 1996)

Regulations

Guideline for a Mandatory Code of Practice

Prevention of Fires at Mines

Part C: Format and Content of the Mandatory COP

8. Aspects to be addressed in the COP

 

8.1 In order to manage the risks associated with fires at a mine, the COP should set out a structured fire risk management programme covering at least the steps and measures envisaged in this guideline. Figure 1 below shows diagrammatically the fire risk management programme covered in this guideline.

 

N6329 Figure 1 Diagram

 

8.2 Fire risk management

 

8.2.1 The COP shall set out, as the first element of a fire risk management programme, the requirement to identify fire hazards and then fire risks. The COP shall require these to be continuous activities covering the following:

 

8.2.2 Fire hazard identification process

 

8.2.2.1 The COP shall set out the fire hazard identification process that requires a physical inspection of all current surface and underground working places and abandoned infrastructure and workings, travelling ways, hoisting and conveying infrastructures and of equipment and machinery used at a mine to identify and list all recognisable fuel and ignition sources. In addition, the identification process shall include a review of processes employed at the mine to assess the probability of a fire being caused as the result of operational malfunctions or of process design failures.

 

8.2.2.2 In the hazard identification process, particular attention should be paid regarding the applicable main sources of fires, considering the following as identified through various industry fire incidents:
(a) Trackless mobile machinery.
(b) Conveyor belts.
(c) Electrical equipment.
(d) Cutting and welding processes.
(e) Spontaneous combustion of coal.
(f) Unclassified.
(g) Timber.
(h) Poor housekeeping and waste management.
(i) Surface vegetation or veld fires.
(j) Abandoned areas (fires due to un-reclaimed flammable material and illegal activities).

 

8.2.2.3 The identified hazards shall be classified as either a fuel source or an ignition source (under certain circumstances, timber, coal and other organic materials may be both) or both. The location of all possible ignition sources, at fixed sites should be established. Records of mobile or semi-mobile equipment operating at a mine should be kept.

 

NOTE 1:

Fires will occur if these two sources are present simultaneously in time and space. Preventative measures may be put in place to prevent such interactions to take place and, under certain conditions, suitable physical barriers may be introduced to prevent the two sources from interacting. These are classified as protective measures against fires. Other actions and procedures, such as emergency evacuation procedures and the use of refuge bays, for example, are seen as measures needed to mitigate the impact following from the ignition of combustible material to protect workers. This COP shall concentrate predominantly on preventative measures and on some protective measures aimed particularly at separating effectively the two sources.

 

NOTE 2:

Refer to Annexure A about generic notes on fires which provides more information on the stages of fire, covering the nature and development thereof.

 

8.2.2.4 Classification of sources

 

8.2.2.4.1 Fire hazards: fuel sources
(a) The COP should classify the identified fuel sources in terms of the fire classes defined by the combustion process associated with it:
i. Class A - Materials (ordinary combustibles):

These are solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally results in the formation of glowing embers. These include combustibles such as wood, paper, fabric, plastics and most kinds of solid waste materials.

ii. Class B - Materials (flammable liquids and gases)

These are non-solid fuels consisting of flammable or combustible liquids or gases such as petrol or propane gas.

iii. Class C - Energized electrical equipment

Electrical fires involve potentially energised electrical equipment. This sort of fire may be caused by short-circuiting or overloaded electrical networks.

iv. Class D - Combustible metals

Combustible metals mostly encountered are magnesium, potassium, titanium and zirconium. Except for the metals that burn in contact with air or water (for example potassium and sodium), combustible metals on their own do does not represent unusual fire risks because it can conduct heat away from hot spots efficiently. However, when combustion is induced, the fire is self-sustaining: rapid combustion (oxidation) of magnesium induced by an external source may result in a fiercely exothermic process.

v. Class F - Cooking oils and fats (kitchen fires)

These include unsaturated cooking oils in well-insulated cooking appliances located in commercial kitchens. Though such fires are technically a sub-class of the flammable liquid or gas category, the special characteristics of these types of fires, namely the lower flash point, are considered important enough to re-classify these separately. Water mist can be used to extinguish such fires.

 

8.2.2.4.2 Fire hazards: Ignition sources
(a) The COP should identify potential sources of ignition at a mine including, but not limited to, the following energy sources:
i. Heat energy: The presence of heat energy is often characterised by high temperature surfaces (e.g. exhaust systems of internal combustion engines, pumps, turbochargers, electric motors, gearboxes, heat exchangers, bearings, rubbing surfaces such as brakes, cigarette butts, naked flames from the use of welding equipment and matches or cigarette lighters).
ii. Electrical energy: Switch gear, motors, retarders, transformers, lights, cables; short-circuit arcs, earth-faults, static electricity discharge, induction heating, thyristor drives, batteries and battery charges.
iii. Mechanical energy: Friction (e.g. conveyor belt drives, winch ropes), mechanical impact (e.g. coal-cutting picks) and grinding.
iv. Chemical energy: Self-heating, auto-ignition, exothermic reactions, spontaneous combustion of coal and induced pyrolysis of vehicle tyres (lightning).

 

8.2.2.5 Fire hazard location
(a) The COP should identify and list all locations for all possible ignition and/or fuel sources. The location of a fire hazard could have a significant impact on the level of risk:
i. Fires located in a main intake airway (e.g. main decline) are likely to pose a higher risk than if located in a return airway.
ii. Fires located close to the main working areas are likely to provide less time for affected personnel to respond timely and adequately (i.e. there will be limited time for employees to evacuate to a place of safety such as fresh air bases and refuge bays).
iii. Fires on surface close to fresh air or compressed air intakes to underground workings or offices on surface can pose a significant risk.
iv. Fires located close to or within hazardous material and combustible liquids storage enclosures have the potential to pose a risk to other neighbouring areas.

 

8.2.2.6 Fire hazard register
(a) The outcomes of the fire hazard identification process should be recorded in a dedicated fire hazard register that identifies the hazard together with its classification (fuel source, ignition source or both) and location of the hazard at the mine.
(b) The latter should distinguish whether the fire hazard is fixed or mobile, as might be the case for vehicles.
(c) The location of fixed hazards should be deemed to be particularly hazardous where these are located in or in close proximity to intake airways, at sites containing other fire hazards (e.g. transformer stations adjacent to fuel storage areas) or sites that might be adversely affected directly or indirectly by a fire (e.g. major oil-filled transformers adjacent to sub-vertical shafts, sub-declines or other fresh air intakes).
(d) The latter is of particular importance where mobile equipment is operated.

 

8.2.3 Assessment of fire risks
8.2.3.1 The COP should ensure that all identified fire hazards as listed in the fire hazard register are analysed to assess its contribution to the overall fire risk. In the assessment of fire risks, the following should be included:
(a) The identified fuel and potential ignition sources, and other factors that can have an impact on the type and magnitude of the risk.
(b) The evaluation of the fire risk based on the assessed consequence and likelihood of a particular fire event.
(c) The input from a number of specialist areas, including occupational hygiene or mine ventilation, and emergency response as part of the risk mitigation process.

 

8.2.3.2 Where appropriate, similar fire hazards or classes of fire hazards may be analysed in logical groupings as might be determined by the mine’s infrastructure, process or design.

 

8.2.3.3 Fire risk assessment tools
(a) The COP should outline measures to ensure that the selected risk assessment tools should be applicable for the intended function and should provide effective indication of:
i. The actual risk as understood at the time of the assessment.
ii. Any intervention deemed to be feasibly effective in reducing such risk (preventative measures).
iii. The effect of any corrective interventions (preventative measures) being considered.
iv. The impact of any residual risk after the application of the preventative measures.
v. Any (further) protective measures that might be considered to manage any residual risk (e.g. including fire detection and fire-fighting measures).
vi. Monitoring criteria that will determine the effectiveness of anticipated or implemented risk reduction controls.
(b) The assessment of the fire risks should take into consideration impacts and consequences of any fire incident on the health and safety of workers, on neighbouring communities, on the environment and on the future viability of operations (e.g. material and reputational damage).
(c) Any mitigating preventative and/or protective measures proposed for identified fire risks, should be recorded formally to an adequate level of detail, should be approved by management and be assigned to competent persons for completion within a specified period of time consistent with the level of the identified risk rating assigned to the corresponding fire hazard.

 

8.2.3.4 Risk analysis
8.2.3.4.1 The COP should ensure that the risk analysis section includes information on the type and nature of fire hazards and any contributing operational and environmental factors for consideration in the structuring of adequate preventative and protective measures. Risk analyses should focus on the following but should not be limited to:
(a) Potential for fires
i. The COP should ensure that the potential for fires at a mine is determined using the fire hazard identification process described in Section 8.1.1 above. Where specialised processes are undertaken, the assistance of recognised experts in the field of fire engineering should be sought.
(b) Characterising potential fires
i. Once the fuel and ignition sources have been identified, the fire risk should be characterised for each using information such as:
• The quantity of fuel available for combustion.
• “Fuel loading” or the relative mass of the fuel (or potential calorific energy) per unit volume of the occupied space (high, moderate or low fuel loading).
• The chemical composition and intensity of smoke and fumes or gases likely to be generated by a fire (this information should be used for the selection of a suitable emergency evacuation procedure).
• The location of fuel and combustible material storage areas relative to other areas.
• The route that will be followed by any smoke generated by a fire (to define possible escape routes).
• The presence of further fuel sources that might participate in an extended fire scenario.
(c) Ventilation
i. Ventilation systems, natural or induced, serving underground working places or buildings, will be affected by fires and may contribute to the spread of smoke, gases and hot air. Factors that should be considered when deciding how to manage ventilation systems during a fire include: the prevailing air flow, oxygen feed to the fire, the rate of contamination downstream and fire spread beyond the source particularly in situations where employees may still be trapped by the fire.
ii. The impact of ventilation system operation on the behaviour of fires is likely to differ for each location and for each application. It is essential that persons competent in the design and operation of ventilation systems (e.g. mine ventilation engineer or ventilation officer) be involved in the assessment of fire risks at mines.

 

8.2.3.5 Risk assessment output
8.2.3.5.1 The COP should ensure that the fire risk assessments shall yield the following information that shall not be limited to:
(a) Locations throughout the mine where fuel and ignition sources exist.
(b) Types and extent of fire events considered.
(c) Consequence and likelihood of each fire event.
(d) The resulting fire risk (e.g. based on a consequence and likelihood risk matrix).
(e) Controls and associated monitoring criteria currently in use to minimise the risk.
(f) Any additional actions to further reduce risk by either improving existing controls or by providing additional controls or actions (included in authorised work programmes assigned to a competent person for completion).
(g) Any additional actions aimed at mitigating or reducing the impact of the outcome.

 

NOTE:

The composition and quantity of smoke and fumes generated in a fire are likely to have a significant impact on the consequence of the fire and hence the level of the risk. The impact of heat generated by an incipient fire should also be considered as a small fire in a “critical” location may provide sufficient heat to initiate a much larger conflagration.

 

8.2.3.6 Fire hazard surveys
8.2.3.6.1 Routine fire hazard identification
(a) The COP should set out measures ensuring that in the event of any changes in the equipment operated, systems or processes employed at the mine, additional surveys should be performed to supplement the available fire risk assessment.
(b) The outcomes of the surveys recorded shall be used to update the fire hazard register and identify actions required. The register will provide comprehensive information for consideration and identification of possible COP reviews. In the absence of these changes, fire risk assessment should be reviewed at intervals in line with the review of the COP.
(c) These reviews could include but are not limited to items identified during:

i.        Employee fire hazard identification and reporting procedures.

ii.        Workplace inspections and observations.

iii.        Equipment and plant inspections.

(d) The COP should include a record of any instances where operational standards and procedures have been amended following such reviews.

 

NOTE:

Refer to Annexure B about examples of fire hazards at mines.

 

8.3 Fire zoning plan

 

8.3.1 The COP should address:
8.3.1.1 The identification of a fire zone for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire to or from another part of the mine informed by the fire hazard register.
8.3.1.2 The fire zone should be the smallest possible and practical area that can be effectively separated from one ventilation district to the other considering the following:
(a) Existing ventilation districts (ventilated independently from other areas with common dedicated intake and return airways) at least one fire zone and cannot be over multiple vent districts.
(b) Natural barriers like faults and dykes.
(c) Artificial barriers, solid backfill paddocks, strategic quick seals and fire doors.

 

8.4 Fire prevention controls

 

8.4.1 In this section of the COP, the application of adequate controls for fire prevention at mines is described by considering the systems, processes and equipment employed at the mine. These can take the form of a process or equipment re-design, implementation of different material selection criteria or of adequate operational standards.

 

8.4.2 Any mitigating preventative and/or protective measures proposed for identified fire risks should be recorded formally to an adequate level of detail, should be approved by management and be assigned to competent persons for completion within a specified period of time consistent with the level of the identified risk rating assigned to the corresponding fire hazard.
(a) Controls shall be assigned to each fire hazard and corresponding risks identified and defined in the fire risk management section. The number and degree of the coverage of controls shall be commensurate with the level of anticipated risk.
(b) All fire prevention controls should be listed in the COP and must be aligned with the findings of the various fire risk assessments. Critical controls should be prioritised. To this end, the COP should include a register listing all fire prevention controls (in place or planned) including risk-based monitoring criteria together with the reference risk assessment document to which it is linked.
(c) Monitoring criteria for the effectiveness of critical controls should be employed. Regular monitoring and recording of the performance of defined critical controls should take place.

 

8.4.3 Design, construction and operation
8.4.3.1 In order to prevent fires, the following should be considered in the design, construction and operation of any process or system employed at any mine:
(a) The design, construction and operation to regulated standards of all equipment, machinery and systems must conform to regulated standards and design codes in compliance with the MHSA. In addition, the design, construction and installation of any equipment and machinery in use at mines must comply with national standards, applicable design codes.
(b) Any persons who design, manufactures, repairs, imports or supplies any article for use at the mine must ensure that as far as reasonably practicable the article is safe and without a fire risk when used properly.
(c) Where a fire could pose a significant risk to the health and safety of a person, the employer must take reasonable measures to ensure that flammable liquids, gases and materials in use, are transported, stored, deposited, used and disposed of in such a way to prevent the starting or spreading of a fire.
(d) The installation of infrastructures that could pose a fire risk should only be undertaken following a formal assessment and consideration of the controls necessary to minimise risk.
(e) Wherever possible, infrastructures that pose significant fire risk should be located near or preferably in the return airways, or near to facilitate exhausting of smoke and gases directly to return in the event of a fire and/or be equipped with suitably designed fire doors that would shut-off in the event of a fire thereby limiting or reducing smoke contamination of fresh air streams.

 

NOTE:

Refer to Annexure C about the general design requirements for mobile equipment and Annexure D about the general design requirements for fuel storage areas, fuel transfer equipment and refuelling bays which provide principles against which design, construction and operational parameters may be assessed in relation to fire hazards for inclusion in the COP.

 

8.4.4 Mine infrastructure and fixed plants
8.4.4.1 The COP should identify and implement minimum standards or requirements to prevent fires on the following mine infrastructure and fixed plants, but is not limited to:
(a) Fuel storage and transfer sites, and associated equipment.
(b) Refuelling bays.
(c) Main electrical substations and switchgear installations.
(d) Underground hoisting stations.
(e) Workshops.
(f) Densely timbered areas in intake airways.
(g) Diesel fuel lines in main shafts and declines – where these lines are used for transport purposes.
(h) Air, gas or refrigerant compressors.
(i) Major electrical installations.
(j) Crushers (surface and underground).
(k) Mineral processing plants inclusive of smelting and refinement processes.
(l) Conveyor belt installations (underground and surface).
(m) Hoist rooms and winding plant installations (surface and underground).
(n) Pump stations.
(o) Raise borers.
(p) Shaft sinking equipment.
(q) Material handling equipment.
(r) Fire hazardous material and combustible liquid storage areas.
(s) Any fire hazardous areas as classifiable by SANS 10108 (fire hazardous area classification).
(t) High density surface storage area e.g. fire hazardous material and combustible liquid storage areas, timber yards, fuel storage tanks, liquid oxygen tanks, ammonia refrigeration plants, etc.
(u) Waste disposal containers.
(v) Underground vehicle battery recharging and/ or storage facilities

 

8.4.4.2 All fixed electrical and related equipment such as electrical sub-stations, switch-rooms and main distribution boards should be in accordance with applicable SANS standards (such as, but not limited to, SANS 60076 (power transformers), SANS 1029 (mini substations), SANS 62135 (resistance welding equipment) and SANS 10280 (overhead powerlines for conditions prevailing in South Africa) and:
(a) Be designed, constructed and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s standard.
(b) Be equipped with at least over-current, earth leakage and short circuit protection.
(c) Be designed and constructed so that any oil leaking from transformers and switchgear installations is contained.
(d) Consider the use of “dry”, “inert gas” or emulsified (low flammability) coolant options for transformer and switchgear equipment.

 

8.4.4.3 Fire prevention measures and protection equipment considered for installations defined under this guideline (refer to 8.3.2.1) shall include details of any fire detection system installed in accordance with the respective fire risk assessment.

 

8.4.4.4 Where flammable liquid is stored, pumped or transferred fixed electrical equipment should:
(a) Be designed, installed and operated in accordance with the SANS 10108 requirements.
(b) Be provided with automatic fire suppression systems.
(c) Be located so that the air current that flows over it passes direct to return.
(d) Have aggregate bund walls capable of containing the total oil volume with a plus 10% excess to capture any oil spillage.

 

8.4.4.5 NB: This specialised equipment should be designed, installed and maintained in consultation with competent fire engineering experts.

 

8.4.4.6 Refer to Annexure E about mine infrastructure and fixed plant which provides examples of preventative controls that should be considered underground and on surface for fixed plant components as classified in SANS 10108 (fire hazardous area classification).

 

8.4.4.7 The location of fixed plant equipment in underground and confined spaces should consider the normal flow of fresh air to guide the type, size and location of any fire detection and fire-fighting equipment.

 

8.4.5 Workshops
8.4.5.1 The COP should outline the design and operation of workshops both on surface and underground. In preventing and managing fires, the following aspects should be included in the workshop standard and the operating procedures:
(a) The quantity of combustible liquids (oils, lubricants, fuel, etc.) stored in underground workshops or any underground site shall be limited to three days as estimated to consumption.
(b) Quantity of combustible liquids stored on surface shall be limited to the storage capacity under adequately designed fire protected infrastructure as informed by the outcome of the mine risk assessment.
(c) Any combustible liquids should be stored in segregated locations from one another and any combustible material.
(d) Appropriate signs as per SANS 1186-1: Symbolic safety signs (Part 1 standard signs and general requirement) and notifications should be installed at all entrances to workshops indicating:
i. No smoking or naked lights near flammables.
ii. Hot work in designated areas only.
iii. Housekeeping requirements.
iv. Emergency procedure in case of a fire.
(e) The maximum mass of combustible materials stored or in use in a workshop in different subdivisions shall not exceed three days consumption (e.g. fuel, lubricants, grease, rubber filled tyres, paints, welding gas cylinders, etc.). This information should be used to determine the appropriate type and quantity of fire-fighting equipment as well as the location of any fire detection sensors.
(f) The design of the ventilation system serving workshops must follow a risk-based approach that caters for:
i. The position of machinery, equipment, temporarily stored material (consumables), vehicles being serviced at any one time (e.g. diesel emissions, hydrogen liberated during battery charging, etc.) and the workshop volume taken-up by these under normal and exceptional circumstances. These will all affect air-flow patterns in the workshop, response of any smoke sensing equipment and effectiveness of any fixed fire suppression equipment;
ii. The positioning of the workshop in relation to intake and return airways. This is important to determine the strategy to be adopted in the event of a fire and the type of fire detection and fire-fighting tactic.
iii. Contingency arrangements that may be required in the event of power failures.
(g) Where part of a workshop is earmarked for hot work (welding, grinding, cutting or heating, or burning using oxyacetylene or electric welding) separate locations (cutting bays, welding bays or grinding bays) should be provided and supplied with adequate flow of fresh air to dilute any smoke or fumes generated by such work. Standard operating procedures should reflect a blanket permission to allow hot work whenever this is performed in these locations.
(h) Hot work permit systems must be implemented for hot work in any other area of the mine.
(i) Chemicals in stores that are a fire hazard should be appropriately separated from workshops working areas.
(j) Sealed waste oil disposal systems and suitable containers for the disposal of other flammable waste should be used to minimise spillage.
(k) Space heaters should not be used in workshops unless it has a surface temperature of less than 300°C and are kept clear of rags, paper and other flammable material.
(l) Welding gases such as acetylene and oxygen should be stored and used in accordance with the OEM requirements.
(m) Workshops should be provided with adequate spillage containment facilities (e.g. water hose, absorbent material, etc.) to contain or clean-up any fuel spills quickly and effectively.
(n) Any waste (e.g. soiled absorbent material) should be placed immediately in clearly marked receptacles and be kept well away from any potential ignition source and these receptacles should be emptied at least weekly.
(o) Fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment should be installed as required.
(p) Suitable barriers or designated parking areas should be installed to provide for adequate separation of mobile equipment from flammable materials.
(q) The following SANS standards shall be considered during workshop design:
i. SANS 10400 (national building regulations).
ii. SANS 10263 (the warehousing of dangerous goods).
iii. SANS 10232 (the transport of dangerous goods).

 

8.4.6 Lamproom, control room and offices
8.4.6.1 The following measures shall be included in preventing the risk of fires in the lamp room, control room and offices:
8.4.6.1.1 A flammable gas cylinder in the lamp room shall be stored in a well-ventilated area with appropriate signage (e.g. prohibiting smoking and the use of naked flames).
8.4.6.1.2 The application of SANS 10400 of the application of the national building regulations, part T on fire protection as amended. This includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Fire detection monitoring and warning systems.
(b) Appropriate and adequate fire-fighting equipment.
(c) Have emergency exit points to prevent a person from being trapped in case of a fire emergency.

 

8.4.7 Mobile equipment
8.4.7.1 The COP shall address preventative measures related to the risk posed by the operation of self-propelled mobile equipment at a mine or in a confined space (e.g. a surface coal bunker) as determined by a number of factors such as:
(a) The mass of flammable material on the vehicle. This may include, but is not limited to:

i.        Fuel.

ii.        Hydraulic oil.

iii.        Tyres.

iv.        The nature of the payload (more fuel, oil, timber, etc.)

(b) The routing (mobility) of the vehicles particularly in main intake airways as a vehicle fire is likely to contaminate the air downstream of the event.
(c) Propensity of a vehicle fire to involve other parts of the mine (e.g. coal seam in coal mines, plastic piping in roadways, timber support in drives, etc.).
(d) The location of refuelling bays or places where (temporary) maintenance is done.
(e) The air quantity flowing past a potential fire site and sites through which is coursed downstream.

 

8.4.7.2 The general design of vehicles shall conform to minimum SANS 868 compression (ignitions engine system and machines powered by such engine system, for use in mines with explosive gas) and plants as applicable or the manufacturer’s specification. The routing of electrical (power) cables, fuel and hydraulic lines, particularly in engine bays, near brakes and pinch-points should be such that incidental damage and contact with hot surfaces is avoided. Pipes and hoses should be manufactured from high quality; durable materials and the piping layout should consider abrasive action and allow for adequate mobility.

 

8.4.7.3 The integrity of the original manufacturer’s design as accepted by the mine and in line with this COP, amongst others, should be maintained for the life of the equipment.

 

NOTE: 1

Refer to Annexure C on general design requirements (mobile equipment) that provides a series of technical solutions and risks posed by the operation of self-propelled mobile equipment.

 

NOTE: 2

Refer to Annexure F about the safe use, transport and handling of explosives which provides examples of preventative controls that should be considered underground and on surface for the transport of explosives (referencing to the explosive procedure in terms of the MHSA regulation 4.2(b).

 

8.4.8 Conveyor belts
8.4.8.1 To prevent fire hazards and risks associated with the conveyor belt installation and operation, the following measures must be considered:
(a) All conveyor belt installations in confined spaces, including underground workings, at both fiery and non-fiery mines, must be made of fire retardant textile or a steel reinforced design tested as per SANS 971-2013, as amended.
(b) The employer must keep a record of procurement, toxicity tests, flame resistance and propagation tests, storage, installation, maintenance and discarding for all conveyor belts. The employer must ensure that all conveyor belts in confined mining spaces, including underground workings are tested for toxicity, flame resistance and propagation to verify that the belts are safe and fire retardant. These tests must be conducted in line with the relevant safety standards for assessment of fire propagation along the conveyor belt. The health and safety standards must be stipulated by the employer as part of the purchasing process. The results of these tests must be used to devise site specific fire protection measures.
(c) The employer must ensure that when conveyor belts are procured, the conveyor belts to be procured have been tested by the manufacturer or the supplier and found to be compliant with the SABS/SANS 971 (as amended) requirements regarding the fire propensity of these conveyor belts and that the facility where the testing is being done, is SABS/SANAS approved or accredited.
(d) A conveyor belt installation should be at a separate ventilation district and be ventilated directly to the return airway. Where this is not practicable, measures must be in place to ensure that fresh air is not contaminated.
(e) A monitoring system must be put in place to monitor the conveyor belt whilst in operation. The practical operation of a monitoring system must be based on the risk assessment outcomes.
(f) Ensure that the main service columns, electrical supply cables and communication systems are safely positioned in line with the mine’s risk assessment in the conveyor belt area.
(g) Ensure that electrical substations are safely constructed away from the conveyor belt area.
(h) Install controls which will prevent the onset of a fire, because of the belt misalignment or belt slip, such as belt tear detection and bearing temperature monitoring devices.
(i) Provide an effective communication system between the underground conveyor belt operator and the surface control room.
(j) Provide self-closing travelling way doors at all access points to the conveyor belt where applicable.

 

8.4.9 SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION IN COAL MINES

 

8.4.9.1 The COP shall put measures in place to manage the hazard and risk associated with spontaneous combustion.

 

8.4.9.2 Underground
(a) Measures to be put in place to ensure that controls are implemented to prevent spontaneous combustion in underground operations.
(b) Good housekeeping plays a significant role in the prevention of the spontaneous combustion. The employer should ensure that they continuously practice good housekeeping in the work area.
(c) Areas where spontaneous combustion is likely to occur may include, but is not limited to:

i.        Stowing areas.

ii.        Accumulation of duff along the conveyor belts roads.

iii.        Sealed off areas.

iv.        Abandoned areas.

 

8.4.9.3 Opencast and/or surface operation
(a) On surface, the major problems are usually associated with the stockpiling of coal, tailings or waste dumps containing rejected coal material, in unconsolidated heaps where oxygen (O2) can come into contact with the coal and heat cannot dissipate.
(b) Preventing spontaneous combustion is a time dependent phenomenon. Early attention to the potential sources of problems may prevent occurrences of heating progressing to full scale spontaneous combustion.
(c) Controlling spontaneous combustion and effective control of spontaneous combustion can be achieved by using a combination of techniques. Control measures to reduce or eliminate oxygen from the process.

 

8.4.10 Abandoned or stopped areas
8.4.10.1 The COP shall put measures in place to manage the hazard and risk associated with abandoned or stopped areas.
(a) Prior to an abandoned area being sealed off, electrical conductors, earthing and bonding of electrical equipment, and the accumulation of combustible material, shall be removed and any borehole sealed off (rehabilitated). A record of these actions shall be kept until mine closure.
(b) If accumulation of combustible material prior to the sealing of the abandoned areas cannot be removed, the employer must put measures in place, informed by the outcome of the risk assessment.
(c) Monitor and ensure that any build-up of flammable gas and presence of carbon monoxide does not contaminate the fresh air.
(d) Working conditions for employees working near abandoned or stopped areas are safe.

 

8.4.11 Timber for support
8.4.11.1 The COP shall put measures in place to manage the hazard and risk associated with the use of timber.

(a) Timber for use underground must be treated to be fire retardant as determined by the mine risk assessment.

(b) Monitor the effectiveness of the fire retardancy of the treated timber supplied.

 

8.4.12        Surface vegetation or veld fires

(a) The COP shall put measures in place to manage the hazards and risks associated with surface vegetation or veld fires.
(b) In addressing these fire hazards and associated risks the following additional documents should be consulted:
i. National Veld and Forest Fire Act, 1998 (Act No 101 of 1998) as amended.
ii. MHSA regulation 5.1(3) as amended.

 

8.5 Managing flammable and combustible substances

 

8.5.1 The COP must indicate measures to address the storage and use of such substances or materials that have a flash point of below 60°C, including compressed gases such as acetylene and propane.

 

8.5.2 The use and presence of flammable substances at a mine is inevitable and therefore the risk posed by these must be managed adequately. The relevant SDSs in accordance with SANS 10234 (list of global harmonised classification and labelling of chemicals) must be consulted to determine the type of any precautionary measures that require implementation.

 

8.5.3 General requirements
8.5.3.1 The COP shall set out measures to minimise fire risk associated with the storage or use of flammable substances at the design or selection stage. The following shall be considered:
(a) Wherever possible and reasonable, flame retardant materials shall be used in preference to flammable materials.
(b) All combustible materials shall be stored in dedicated, clearly-marked storage areas.
(c) The use and location of flammable substance storage areas shall only be undertaken following a formal assessment and consideration of the controls necessary to minimise risk.
(d) Wherever possible and reasonable, flammable substance storage areas shall be ventilated into the return airways or have suitable fire doors installed to limit smoke ingress into working areas and intake airways. Flammable substance storage equipment should be constructed of non-flammable materials.
(e) ‘No Smoking’ and ‘No Naked Flame’ signs shall be displayed at all flammable materials storage locations.
(f) Flammable materials shall not be stored on or near heat or ignition sources.
(g) The routing of electrical cable clusters, particularly high tension lines, shall not be allowed within close proximity from flammable materials. Each application shall be considered on merits dictated by risk considerations, good practice and the use, where necessary, of adequate protective (shielding or separating) measures.
(h) Electrical switchboards shall not be placed in flammable material stores.
(i) Wherever possible and reasonable, light fittings shall be mounted clear of flammable materials.
(j) All electrical equipment shall meet relevant electrical standards for design and installation and shall be used as intended by the manufacturer.
(k) Where necessary and as indicated by an assessment of the risk, smoke alarms and earth leakage protection shall be installed on electrical equipment that is left to operate unattended.
(l) The quantity of flammable materials stored in any location, shall be kept to a minimum as per the mine risk assessment.
(m) Flammable material storage equipment shall be located away from high traffic or collision-prone areas or be otherwise protected against vehicle collisions.
(n) Wherever possible and reasonable, hot work shall not be done in or near flammable materials, in the presence of flammable gases or other such fluids. A permit system for hot work (inclusive of adequate preventative and protective measures) shall be in place for any such work outside the workshops.
(o) Wherever possible and reasonable, vehicle access to combustible stores shall only be for the purpose of loading and unloading. Vehicles shall not be parked in tyre stores.

 

8.5.3.2 Combustible substances
(a) The COP shall address measures for the storage and use of combustible substances or materials at mines that generally have a flash point below 60°C. This includes class 3 flammable liquids.
(b) Foams and resins may be particularly volatile in its component form (i.e. prior to mixing). Where foams are used, it must comply with SANS 1867:2003 (sprayed plastic foams for use in mines).
8.5.3.2.1. Flammable solids
i. The COP shall address the following requirements related to the use and storage of flammable solid materials:
i. Where the large-scale use of timber support is necessary, the COP shall refer to identify densely timbered areas, particularly in intake airways and storage areas. The choice of any specific mitigating measure such as, for example, impregnating timber with fire retardant chemicals or coating of exposed timber with inert (intumescent) material, should be risk-based and specified accordingly in operating procedures.
ii. The COP shall outline any special measures for the prevention of fires in waste storage facilities. These could include, but not limited to:
• Adequate ventilation measures for some waste storage facilities.
• Displaying ‘No Smoking’ signs in the waste storage facilities and near refuse containers.
• The regular removal of waste materials from refuse containers and waste storage facilities at adequate intervals to prevent the accumulation or overflow of waste materials.
iii. The use, transport and handling of explosives pose a fire risk in mines. This COP shall refer to the relevant standard procedures and precautionary measures intended for the safe use, transport and handling of explosives used at a mine.

 

8.5.3.2.2 Flammable liquids
(a) The COP shall reflect the following requirements related to the use and storage of flammable liquids:
i. All vessels containing flammable liquids shall be provided with clear and easily understood labels and respective SDSs.
ii. Only purpose-built containers, designed to prevent spillage, shall be used to transport flammable liquids. Diesel fuel shall only be transported in purpose-designed bowsers or jerry-cans, adequately secured to the vehicle’s loading tub.
iii. Where large quantities of flammable fuels are stored e.g. diesel fuel storage tanks, oil cooled transformers, etc. and where it is justified by risk-based considerations, storage vessels shall be enclosed in a containment area (bund wall) where any spillage following the rupture of the containment vessel will be contained. The containment area shall be large enough to accommodate 110% of the maximum flammable liquid volume in storage at any time. In addition, if this area is filled with inert material such as gravel, consideration shall be given to the volume of flammable liquid in the storage vessel. If any drainage system is used it must be fitted with a device that is normally closed.
iv. The vehicles used for the transport of flammable liquids shall be appropriate for the task.

 

NOTE: 1

Refer to Annexure D about the general design requirements for fuel storage areas, fuel transfer equipment and refuelling bays which includes reference to a number of items relating to fuel storage areas, fuel transfer equipment and refuelling bays for possible consideration in structuring standards supporting the management of fire risks associated with these.

 

NOTE: 2

Refer to Annexure F about the safe use, transport and handling of explosives which provides suggestions that might be included in procedures for the safe transport handling and use of explosives. These are provided for possible reference and inclusion in operating procedures.

 

8.5.3.2.3 Flammable gases
(a) The management of risks associated with the natural occurrence of flammable gases in underground operations, i.e. resulting from mining operations, is not included in this COP.
(b) Reference should be made, however, to the respective COPs for the prevention of flammable gas explosions.
(c) This COP is to address the use of industrially manufactured flammable gases that may be used in various processes at a mine, mainly welding.
(d) The COP shall reflect the following requirements related to the use and storage of flammable gases used in hot work:
i. Flammable gas cylinders shall be stored in a well-ventilated area.
ii. Flammable gas cylinders shall be transported and stored in accordance with the relevant manufacturer’s specification.
iii. Gas cylinders shall be secured so that it cannot fall over. In particular, cylinders containing acetylene shall always be stored in an upright position.
iv. When transporting cylinders, it shall not protrude over the vehicle’s loading bed extremities.
v. Flash-back arresters shall be installed on all oxy-acetylene equipment.
vi. The contents of flammable gas cylinders shall not be decanted.
vii. Oxy-acetylene equipment shall only be used in accordance with accepted operational standards and only in designated hot work areas

 

8.5.3.2.3 Operating and maintenance procedures
(a) The COP shall reflect the following:
i. Operating procedures to be developed from the action plans drawn from the various fire risk assessments.
ii. Maintenance systems in place to ensure that all equipment, both mobile and fixed plant, is maintained properly and according to the manufacturers’ recommendations, and that any defects are recorded and promptly repaired.
iii. Oversight procedures in place to ensure that:
• Regular maintenance of equipment for the prevention of fires, used for fire detection and fire-fighting is essential in the implementation of the various protection measures.
• All repair and maintenance activities for machinery, systems and equipment associated with fire risks and employed for fire prevention and protective measures shall be carried out at specified intervals, by suitably qualified individuals and in accordance with the OEM specification.
• Repair and maintenance activities must restore equipment to the intended design and operational functionality.
• Employees training for fire prevention procedures and awareness shall be aligned with the requirements and findings of the various fire risk assessments to ensure adequate levels of proficiency and effectiveness, and acceptable workmanship.

 

NOTE:

Refer to Annexure G about the generic operational and maintenance procedures which provides suggestions that might be included in procedures for generic operational and maintenance procedures. These are provided for possible reference and inclusion in operating procedures.

 

8.6 Purchasing procedures

 

8.6.1 The COP shall include the requirement that the mine’s purchasing procedures be developed and implemented to ensure that any machinery, equipment or materials purchased for use at the mine comply with site standards. This procedure shall:
(a) Require manufacturers or suppliers to provide evidence that fire risks associated with such machinery, equipment or materials have been considered and addressed (refer to Section 21 of the MHSA) and in compliance with applicable national standards at least.
(b) Require manufacturers or suppliers to make the employer aware of any residual fire risk, either patent or potential that might be associated with the use of such machinery, equipment or materials.
(c) Require manufacturers or suppliers of machinery to advise the employer of any fire-fighting equipment or additional fire protection requirements associated with the use of such machinery at a mine.
(d) Ensure that SDSs are provided for any combustible or flammable materials supplied to the mine.
(e) Require that manufacturers or suppliers of machinery or equipment provide adequate information on the operational procedures and maintenance requirements, particularly relating to any specific fire-detection or fire-fighting equipment custom built into the machinery. Alternatively, requirements and specifications for such fire-detection or fire-fighting equipment that might have to be provided separately by a third party need to be communicated adequately.
(f) Require that manufacturers or suppliers of machinery or equipment provide adequate training and/or training material to ensure the proficiency of machinery or equipment operators.
(g) Ensure that machinery and equipment specifications and maintenance and operational manuals are included in tender documents for any new contracts.

 

8.7 Inspections

 

8.7.1 The COP shall include the requirement that a series of inspections relating directly to fire hazards be performed as follows:
(a) Fire hazard identification process: Intervals are to be stipulated in accordance with section 8.3.1.2 of this guideline;
(b) Regular inspections of working areas to monitor compliance with fire controls, including preventative procedures and fire protection equipment.
(c) Inspections aimed at identifying either substandard acts or work practices (behaviour) and substandard conditions (fire hazards).
(d) There are usually two types of inspections:
i. Formal inspections of all workplaces that are undertaken on a regular (i.e. weekly or monthly) basis, depending on the level of risk (e.g. weekly explosives magazine inspections). Formal inspections generally involve the use of area-specific or task specific checklists to record any defects.
ii. Informal inspections that are undertaken by employees, supervisors and managers on a daily basis.

 

NOTE:

Refer to Annexure H about inspections which provide guidance for consideration during inspections.

 

8.8 Reports

 

8.8.1 The COP shall outline the following reports, which the employer shall compile and make readily available:
8.8.1.1 Regulation 5.1 of the MHSA report
8.8.1.1.1 The employer must ensure that a report required in terms of regulation 5.1(1) of the MHSA is:
(a) Compiled by a competent person and submitted to the employer.
(b) Compiled at intervals determined in accordance with the mine’s risk assessment.
(c) Demonstrate the effectiveness of the precautionary measures taken to prevent or suppress explosions of coal dust or flammable gas.
(d) Demonstrate the adequacy of measures in place to prevent, detect and combat the start and spread of mine-fires.

 

8.8.1.2 Reports emanating from informal and formal inspections
8.8.1.2.1 Inspection outcomes or findings must be recorded as per Annexure H of the guideline. Any observed defects or deviations or irregularities are to be reported immediately verbally and then in writing to the legally appointed person – irrespective of the type or level of inspection being carried-out.

 

8.9 Awareness training for fire prevention

 

8.9.1 In all documents relating to training in elementary fire-fighting procedures, caution shall be exercised so as to prevent employees from being exposed to danger during fire-fighting operations. It is recognised that the dousing of an incipient fire is an effective measure to limit the impact of any such incident. However, employees must be warned of the dangers of going beyond their level of knowledge and proficiency in using fire-fighting equipment.

 

8.9.2 The COP shall set out measures to address awareness training under the following sub-headings:
8.9.2.1 General fire prevention awareness
8.9.2.1.1 Basic fire prevention awareness training shall be provided as part of the induction at the mine.
8.9.2.1.2 Refresher training shall then be conducted every 12 months as part of regular safety or tool-box meetings.
8.9.2.1.3 All personnel who work at the mine shall have a basic understanding of fire prevention measures and be trained in the following:
(a) Basic fire theory.
(b) Basic fire hazard identification.
(c) Understanding of fire potential risks.
(d) Basic fire prevention methods.
(e) Use of the first response of basic fire-fighting equipment, including portable extinguishers, installed on-board vehicle fire suppression systems, etc.
(f) Behaviour of fire in enclosed environments including the role played by ventilation systems.
(g) Emergency procedures, including the use of self-rescuers, refuge chambers and emergency assembly points.
(h) Reporting procedures during fire emergencies.
(i) Distinguishing and identifying audio and visual fire alarms where provided.

 

8.9.2.2 Mobile equipment operators training
8.9.2.2.1 In addition to the general fire awareness training, all operators of mobile equipment at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency, with the assistance of equipment manufacturers or suppliers where necessary, in the following preventative and precautionary measures:
(a) Basic fire theory.
(b) Identification and understanding (temperature sensors) of overheating surfaces.
(c) Requirements for minimising engine and equipment temperatures through the correct operating techniques.
(d) Procedures to isolate on-board electrical power sources safely.
(e) Electrical fire hazards.
(f) Use of refuelling equipment and refuelling procedures.
(g) Fire prevention measures of tyre fires.
(h) Response to any fire that may occur on a vehicle based on the equipment available.

 

8.9.2.3 Fixed plant operators training
8.9.2.3.1 All personnel who operate a fixed plant at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency with the assistance of equipment manufacturers or suppliers where necessary, in the following preventative and precautionary measures:
(a) Identification of overheating surfaces .
(b) Requirements of machinery or equipment electrical isolation also in accordance with regulatory provisions .
(c) Equipment operational condition monitoring (e.g. normal operating temperatures, pressures and response to changing conditions).
(d) Recognising mechanical and electrical fire hazards .
(e) Where appropriate, safe emergency stopping of machinery using brakes in terms of regulatory provisions .

 

8.9.2.4 Mobile equipment and machinery maintenance awareness
8.9.2.4.1 All personnel involved in the maintenance of mobile equipment at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency, with the assistance of the OEMs or suppliers where necessary in the following preventative and precautionary measures:
(a) Use of the maintenance system check sheets .
(b) Equipment pre- and post-maintenance inspections .
(c) Equipment operational condition monitoring (e.g. normal operating temperatures, pressures and response to changing conditions) .
(d) Inspecting and checking of “V”-belts, rigid and flexible guards and hoses.
(e) Installation and replacement of hydraulic and pneumatic hoses for specific equipment.
(f) This should also include the correct use of hose crimping, where required and as per the OEM specifications.
(g) Use of hot work permits and welding equipment, where required.
(h) Maintenance of fire suppression systems where provided and necessary.
(i) Importance of completing a pre-use checklist items pertaining to fire prevention measures.
(j) The installation and maintenance of a cooling system provided for individual machines.

 

8.9.2.5 Electrical maintenance personnel
8.9.2.5.1 Personnel involved in the maintenance of electrical equipment or installations at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency with the assistance of the OEMs or suppliers where necessary, in the following preventative and precautionary measures:
(a) Conducting thermal imaging and electrical tests.
(b) Hot work permits system requirements.
(c) Live testing of equipment in line with procedures and legislated regulations.
(d) Correct routing and wiring of electrical wires.
8.9.2.5.2 All personnel who undertake such work shall be appointed electricians qualified to work on the type of equipment (e.g. low voltage, high voltage, instrumentation, etc.).

 

8.9.2.6 Fuel storage operational personnel
8.9.2.6.1 Personnel involved in the transport, storage or handling of fuel, combustible materials and explosives at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency in at least, but not limited to, the following:
(a) Transport and storage procedures relating to fuel, combustible materials or explosives.
(b) Use of specialised distribution or unloading equipment.
(c) Procedures for the refuelling of vehicles conveying these materials.
(d) Access procedures to combustible material stores or explosives magazines.
(e) Isolation of equipment prior to maintenance.
(f) Emergency procedures specific to fuel facilities, combustible materials or explosives storage areas.
(g) Personnel responsible for the receipt of bulk diesel, shall be specifically trained in the receipt of dangerous goods and be "nominated" as the "qualified person", referred to in SANS 10231:2010 (transport and dangerous goods).
(h) To be trained in the SDS requirements.

 

8.9.2.7 Lamp room, control room and office personnel
8.9.2.7.1 Lamp room, control room and office personnel at the mine shall be trained and assessed for competency in at least, but not limited to, the following:
(a) Storage, connection and use of flammable gas cylinders for instrument calibration purposes.
(b) Fire detection on the applicable system at the mine .
(c) Procedures to fire emergency response.

 

8.10 Fire protection and emergency response

 

8.10.1 The COP shall set out measures for underground and surface fire hazards:
(a) Mine’s fire-protection including regulation 5.1(3) requirements.
(b) Emergency preparedness and response as per Chapter 16 of the MHSA and the Guideline for a Mandatory Code of Practice for Emergency Preparedness and Response.

 

8.10.2 In particular, this COP shall describe the principles used in the selection of each measure, the alignment of this with the respective fire risk assessment and any specialist inputs made in devising the protective measures and responses (e.g. fire engineering criteria to determine fire-fighting equipment specifications where deemed necessary, etc.).

 

8.10.3 The COP should further list and describe briefly the measures implemented for the early detection of fires at different locations on the mine based on the list of fire hazard locations referenced in paragraph 8.1.1.2 of this document .

 

NOTE: 1

This paragraph should be used in conjunction with the Guideline for Emergency Preparedness and Response to provide a comprehensive and coordinated approach in addressing the fire prevention measures and control of fires.

 

NOTE: 2

Under no circumstances should fire braziers (mbaula), (i.e. any fixed or portable solid fuel or gas fired equipment or appliance designed for heating and used outdoors) be used at the mine.

 

NOTE: 3

Under no circumstances shall the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) fire extinguishers be allowed in confined spaces, as the sudden increase in CO2 levels combined with the consequential displacement of oxygen, will make it harder to breathe, leading to asphyxiation for the user as well as other employees in a confined space.

 

8.11 Effective means of monitoring and communicating the possible presence of a fire

 

8.11.1 The COP shall set out measures to monitor and communicate the possible presence of fires. These measures should include the following:
8.11.1.1 A brief description of the method(s) employed to detect the occurrence of a fire, presence of noxious gasses or flammable gasses underground.
8.11.1.2 A brief description of the approach used to position the sensors to monitor the air flow in the underground workings effectively for detecting the presence of a fire and facilitate its location in the mine.
8.11.1.3 A description of the channels of communication that are to be used after a fire has been detected, including communication with neighbouring mines where secondary outlets or escape routes are shared.

8.11.1.4        The process for monitoring of underground environmental conditions during a fire.

8.11.1.5        A list of evacuation plans available in the control room that would include the following amongst others:

(a) The location of various sensors.
(b) The location of the refuge bays (inclusive of telephone numbers).
(c) The identification of escape routes.

8.11.1.6        The control room operator

(a) Shall be adequately and appropriately trained on the environmental management system and emergency procedures .
(b) Appointed in the surface control room with sufficient and dedicated resources as per the mine risk assessment.
8.11.1.7 The refresher training courses for the control room operator shall be conducted yearly and retraining done in the event of any change in specifications of the relevant and applicable system and procedures.

 

8.11.2 The underground and surface control rooms must have backup power that will ensure sustained provision of power.